Щебечущая машина
Глава пятаяПримерно через двадцать минут. . Matthew Haag and Maya Salam, ‘Gunman in “Pizzagate” Shooting is Sentenced to 4 Years in Prison’, New York Times, 23 June 2017; ‘The saga of “Pizzagate”: The fake story that shows how conspiracy theories spread’, BBC Trending, 2 December 2016; Amanda Robb, ‘Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal’, Rolling Stone, 16 November 2017; Mark Segraves, ‘Charging documents for Edgar Welch’, Twitter.com, 5 December 2016; Andrew Kaczynski, ‘Michael Flynn quietly deletes fake news tweet about Hillary Clinton’s involvement in sex crimes’, CNN, 14 December 2016.
В культовом романе ужасов Джорджио де Марии. . Giorgio De Maria, The Twenty Days of Turin, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd: London, 2017.
Социальная индустрия – это одно мощное сосредоточение. . Nick Srnicek, Platform Capitalism, Polity Press: Cambridge, 2016.
Печатные тиражи в Великобритании. . ‘World Press Trends 2017: The audience-focused era arrives’, World News Publishing Focus, 6 August 2017; ‘Newspapers Fact Sheet’, Pew Research Center, 13 June 2018; Roy Greenslade, ‘Suddenly, national newspapers are heading for that print cliff fall’, Guardian, 27 May 2016.
Сдавая позиции интернету, короли британской прессы. . Robert Cookson, ‘UK publishers look to consolidate in print battle’, Financial Times, 10 April 2016; Anna Nicolaou, ‘Advertising revenues on US digital platforms set to surpass TV’, Financial Times, 8 June 2016.
Главным источником прибыли стали пользователи смартфонов. . Matthew Ingram, ‘Google and Facebook Account For Nearly All Growth in Digital Ads’, Fortune, 26 April 2017; John Koetsier, ‘Mobile Advertising Will Drive 75 % Of All Digital Ad Spend In 2018: Here’s What’s Changing’, Forbes, 23 February 2018.
Уже в 2016 году 62 % американцев. . Jeffrey Gottfried and Elisa Shearer, ‘News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016’, Pew Research Center, 26 May 2016.
На втором месте YouTube. . Geoff Colvin, ‘Why Facebook and Google Still Resist Calling Themselves Media Companies’, Fortune, 16 November 2016.
Это лидеры среди пятидесяти крупнейших американских корпораций. . Simon Bowers, ‘Google expected to reveal growth of offshore cash funds to $43bn’, Guardian, 26 January 2016; Alanna Petroff, ‘Top 50 U.S. companies hold $1.4 trillion in cash offshore’, CNN, 14 April 2016.
В рамках проекта издателям. . Hannah Kuchler, ‘Facebook launches journalism project’, Financial Times, 11 January 2017.
Когда Марк Цукерберг пишет. . Jeff John Roberts, ‘Why Facebook Won’t Admit It’s a Media Company’, Fortune, 14 November 2016; Karissa Bell, ‘Facebook: We’re not a media company. Also Facebook: Watch our news shows’, Mashable, 8 June 2018.
Крайняя степень агностицизма Марка Цукерберга. . Kara Swisher, ‘Full transcript: Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg on Recode Decode’, Recode (www.recode.net), 18 July 2018; Alex Hern, ‘Mark Zuckerberg’s remarks on Holocaust denial “irresponsible”’, Guardian, 19 July 2018.
Традиционные СМИ, конкурирующие с Facebook. . Sam Thielman, ‘Facebook news selection is in hands of editors not algorithms, documents show’, Guardian, 12 May 2016.
Google поступил так, как поступил бы любой нормальный монополист. . Oscar Williams, ‘Google News Spain to be shut down: what does it mean?’, Guardian, 12 December 2014.
Ведь кандидатура Трампа должна была обеспечить. . Ben Norton, ‘How the Hillary Clinton campaign deliberately “elevated” Donald Trump with its “pied piper” strategy’, Salon, 10 November 2016.
Это ложное обвинение. . Sapna Maheshwari, ‘How Fake News Goes Viral: A Case Study’, New York Times, 20 November 2016.
Как посетовал Мартин Бэрон, ответственный редактор Washington Post. . Jim Rutenberg, ‘Media’s Next Challenge: Overcoming the Threat of Fake News’, New York Times, 6 November 2016.
Ученые Университета штата Огайо проанализировали.. Richard Gunther, Paul A. Beck and Erik C. Nisbet, ‘Fake News Did Have a Significant Impact on the Vote in the 2016 Election’, Ohio State University, February 2018.
Среди других возможных причин. . Thomas Ferguson, Paul Jorgensen and Jie Chen, ‘Industrial Structure and Party Competition in an Age of Hunger Games: Donald Trump and the 2016 Presidential Election’, Institute for New Economic Thinking, Working Paper No. 66, January 2018.
В другом письме Донна Бразил, председатель Национального комитета демократической партии. . Jordan Weissman, ‘Hillary Clinton’s Wall Street Speeches Have Leaked. No Wonder She Didn’t Want Them to Get Out’, Slate, 7 October 2016; Rachel Revesz, ‘CNN fires Donna Brazile for allegedly giving debate questions to Hillary Clinton in advance’, Independent, 31 October 2016; David A. Graham, ‘Russian Trolls and the Trump Campaign Both Tried to Depress Black Turnout’, The Atlantic, 17 December 2016.
Слова Трампа о том, что она многократно. . Jon Greenberg and Angie Drobnic Holan, ‘Trump right that Clinton made up story about Bosnia sniper fire’, PolitiFact, 22 June 2016.
И ту и другую истории, которые газета сначала. . Glenn Greenwald, ‘Russia Hysteria Infects WashPost Again: False Story About Hacking U.S. Electric Grid’, The Intercept, 31 December 2016.
Даже ребенок знает о таких великих «утках». . Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq, Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MA, 2004.
Речь идет не только об обычных историях. . Paul Lewis, ‘Churnalism or news? How PRs have taken over the media’, Guardian, 23 February 2011.
Например, сатирическое заявление о том, что США. . Nicky Woolf, ‘As fake news takes over Facebook feeds, many are taking satire as fact’, Guardian, 17 November 2016.
Одна из таких надуманных историй, напечатанных в Toronto Sun. . Ishmael N. Daro, ‘A Fake Online Review Claimed Refugees “Slaughtered Goats” In a Hotel. This Newspaper Helped it Go Viral’, BuzzFeed News, 11 October 2018.
Правда же в том, что Facebook зарабатывал. . Judd Legum, ‘Facebook’s pledge to eliminate misinformation is itself fake news’, Guardian, 20 July 2018.
В 2017 году Facebook объявил «войну фейковым новостям». Dave Lee, ‘Facebook’s fake news crisis deepens’, BBC News, 15 November 2016; ‘Facebook fake news: Zuckerberg details plans to combat problem’, BBC News, 19 November 2016; Mark Molloy, ‘Facebook just made it harder for you to share fake news’, Daily Telegraph, 20 March 2017.